CTET Examination [xyz-ips snippet="year"] Notification PDF Soon – Check Exam Date, Application Form, Eligibility

CTET Exam 2024:- Since NCTE has made CTET a mandatory requirement for eligibility to become a teacher, all private schools, teaching institutes, and government schools have begun employing based on CTET certificates. Therefore, a CTET certificate is important for teaching candidates seeking employment in both public and private schools. It is anticipated that the CBSE would publish the CTET Notification 2024 on its official website. Soon, the official CTET Exam 2024 notification’s complete information on the essential information will be released. The Central Board of Secondary Education holds CTET tests twice a year to assess a candidate’s suitability to teach in an Indian government school.

The notification for CTET Exam 2024 is awaited. The test is anticipated to take place in December. The test dates for a forthcoming exam will shortly be announced by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). The amended qualifying requirements for the CTET test were recently announced by The National Council of Teacher Education. Candidates may review the updated qualifying requirements below.

CTET Notification – Examination 2024 Highlights

Before studying for the CTET exam, it’s essential to understand what the test entails. Candidates who want a quick overview of the exam can look at the CTET Exam 2024 Highlights. An overview of the most recent exam updates may be seen in the table below.

Particulars Details
Exam Name Central Teacher Eligibility Test (CTET)
Department Name Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)
CTET Exam Category Teaching
CTET Exam Location All India
CTET Exam Mode Online – CBT (Computer Based Test)
Application Mode for CTET Exam Online
CTET Exam Frequency Twice a year
Session July 2022
Marking Methods
  • +1 for each accurate response
  • No points are deducted for wrong answers.
CTET Examination Purpose To examine applicants’ suitability for employment as teachers in Classes 1–8
Different Exam Stages
  • Primary Teacher – Class 1 to 5
  • Upper Primary Teacher – Class 6 to 8
Type of Papers Paper 1 and Paper 2
CTET 2024 Eligibility Graduation Degree with B.Ed/ D.El.Ed/ BTC/ D.Ed.
CTET Exam Duration 150 minutes
Total Questions 150 MCQs in each paper
CTET 2024 Exam Fee (Only Paper 1 or Paper 2)
  • For Gen/OBC Rs.1000/-
  • For SC/ST Rs.500/-
CTET 2024 Exam Fee (Both Paper 1 & 2)
  • For Gen/OBC Rs.1200/-
  • For SC/ST Rs.600/-
Official Website https://ctet.nic.in/

Central Teacher Eligibility Test Exam Dates

Candidates who want to know about the exam must frequently check the CTET exam dates. The CBSE announces the test dates. It is essential to confirm all exam dates so that you may prepare appropriately. Information regarding the CTET exam dates for 2024, including registration dates, online application start, and end dates, exam dates, etc., is provided in the table below.

Events Date [tentative]
Notification Released August 2022
Online Application Start Date August 2022
Online Application End Date September 2022
Download Main Exam Admit Card
CTET Exam Date December 2022
Examination Result February 2022

About CTET

The Central Board of Secondary Education conducts the CTET exam, an eligibility test for all of India (CBSE). For the purpose of determining applicants’ eligibility for their appointment as teachers for Classes 1 to 8 at Central Government Schools such as KVS, NVS, etc., the exam is a computer-based test (CBT) that is administered twice a year. Many private schools also use CTET Certificates as a mandatory qualifying requirement, so it’s not only government institutions. Thus, a certificate is important for teaching candidates who want to work in both public and private schools.

About CTET 2024 Examination

The CTET 2024 Exam will be conducted by the CBSE. This time, the exam is being taken online. There are two papers in the exam: Paper 1 and Paper 2. Candidates for classes 1–5 (Primary Teachers) take Paper 1, and candidates for classes 6–8 take Paper 2. (Elementary Teachers). If candidates want to teach classes 1–8, they can take both exams. The 16th edition of the CTET December Exam will be held in 2024. Twenty languages are used to administer the test throughout India.

CTET Exam Schedule For Paper 1 & 2

There are two shifts for the CTET tests. These are the approximate start and end times for both shifts.  Check out the tables below for the most recent details on exam timing and scheduling.

Events Paper I Paper-II
Arrival time at the Examination Center 8:00 AM 12:30 PM
Admit Cards Checking 09: 00 AM to 09:15 AM 01:30 PM to 01:45 PM
Test Booklet Distributing 09:15 AM 01:45 PM
Seal of the Test Booklet to be Broken/Opened to take out the Answer Sheet 09:25 AM 01:55 PM
Last Entry in the Examination Center 09:30 AM 02:00 PM
Exam Start 09:30 AM 02:00 PM
Exam End 12:00 Noon 04:30 PM

Application Fee for CBSE Central Teacher Eligibility Test

To submit the application form, you must pay the CTET application cost. Candidates can pay the application fee online by using Credit Card, Debit Card, or Net Banking. Depending on the candidate’s categorization, the application cost may change. It is vital to verify the whole application cost information for either paper 1 or paper 2 for all categories, including General and OBC. Candidates have several options for paying the CTET 2024 application cost. The table below shows the specific application cost for the CTET exam:

Category Only Paper I or II  Both Paper I & II
General/OBC Rs.1000/- Rs.1200/-
SC/ST/Diff. Abled Person Rs.500/- Rs.600/-

How To Apply for the Central Board of Secondary Education CTET Exam

Only online submissions to the official website are accepted for the CTET 2024 application form. This website will soon provide a direct link to the online exam application form. After visiting the Central Board of Secondary Education website, applicants can follow the instructions below to finish the CTET registration procedure for the exam:

  • Visit the CBSE website.
  • Now locate the CTET 2024 application link and click it.
  • Complete the application form with the necessary information.
  • Select the exam center now.
  • Upload your scanned signature and picture.
  • The CTET application fee must be paid in order to move ahead.
  • Candidates will then receive a receipt for their application fee.
  • Examine the CTET application form carefully
  • Print a copy of the application form so you have it for reference in the future.

Eligibility Criteria for Central Teacher Eligibility Test

CTET exam is a Central Teacher Eligibility Test conducted every year to check the eligibility of teachers for primary and upper primary classes. Candidates must meet the requirements for the exam, including age restriction, educational requirements, nationality, etc.

The candidate should satisfy his/her eligibility before applying and shall be personally responsible in case he/she is not eligible to apply as per the given eligibility criteria. It is to be noted that if a candidate has been allowed to appear in the Central Teacher Eligibility Test it does not imply that the candidate’s eligibility has been verified. It does not vest any right with the candidate for appointment. The eligibility shall be finally verified, by the concerned recruiting agency / appointing authority. To take the CBSE CTET 2024 test, the candidate must meet the conditions listed below.

Essential Academic Qualifications for Classes 1-5

  • Senior Secondary (or its equivalent) with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in the final year of a 2-year Diploma in Elementary Education or
  • Senior Secondary (or its equivalent) with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in the final year of 2- a year Diploma in Education (Special Education) or
  • Senior Secondary (or its equivalent) with at least 45% marks and passed or appearing in the final year of 2- year Diploma in Elementary Education as per NCTE 2002 Norms or
  • Senior Secondary (or its equivalent) with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in the final year of 4- year Bachelor of Elementary Education (B.El.Ed) or
  • Graduation with 50% Marks and 1 Year B.Ed Examination

Essential Academic Qualifications for Classes 6-8

  • Bachelor’s Degree and passed or appearing in the final year of 2-year Diploma in Elementary Education (by whatever name known). or
  • Senior Secondary (or its equivalent) with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in the final year of 4- year Bachelor in Elementary Education (B.El.Ed). or
  • Senior Secondary (or its equivalent) with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in the final year of 4- year B.A/B.Sc.Ed or B.A.Ed/B.Sc.Ed. or
  • Graduation with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in 1-year Bachelor in Education (B.Ed). or
  • Graduation with at least 45% marks and passed or appearing in 1-year Bachelor in Education (B.Ed), in accordance with the NCTE Norms or
  • Bachelor’s Degree with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in 1-year B.Ed. / (B.Ed Special Education)

Age Limit

  • Minimum Age- 17 years.
  • Maximum Age- No limit.

As a fact, the official announcement issued by CTET in the previous notification does not contain any age-limit requirements. To sit for the CTET Exam 2024, aspirants must, nevertheless, have the necessary academic credentials. Teachers who are currently employed may also take the exam to assess their knowledge and abilities.

Number of Attempts

According to the official CTET announcement from the previous year, there is no limit on the number of attempts. A candidate who has passed the CTET may reappear to achieve a higher score.

Exam Pattern

CTET Exam Pattern 2024 – Paper 1

Subjects Questions Marks Duration
Child Development and Pedagogy 30 30 2.5 Hours (150 Minutes)
Language I (compulsory) 30 30
Language II (compulsory) 30 30
Mathematics 30 30
Environmental Studies 30 30
Total 150 150

CTET Exam Pattern 2024 – Paper 2

Subject Total Number of Questions Total Number of Marks Duration
Child Development and Pedagogy 30 30 2.5 Hours (150 Minutes)
Language I (compulsory) 30 30
Language II (compulsory) 30 30
A. Mathematics & Science 60 60
B. Social Studies & Social Science 60 60
Total 150 150

CTET Syllabus

The Central Teacher Eligibility Test, which is held twice a year, offers opportunities to thousands of applicants who want to start a career in education. A proper preparation plan is essential for getting high marks on the CTET Exam. The first step in starting the preparation is having current knowledge of the syllabus. This article covers the entire CTET 2024 exam syllabus.

  • Child Development and Pedagogy-30 Question

a) Child Development (Elementary School Child)- 15 Questions

  • Critical perspective of the construct of Intelligence
  • Multi-Dimensional Intelligence
  • Language & Thought
  • Concept of development and its relationship with learning
  • Principles of the development of children
  • Influence on Heredity & Environment
  • Socialization processes: Social world & children (Teacher, Parents, Peers)
  • Piaget, Kohlberg, and Vygotsky: constructs and critical perspectives
  • Individual differences among learners, understanding differences based on diversity of language, caste, gender, community, religion, etc.
  • The distinction between Assessment for learning and assessment of learning; School-Based Assessment, Continuous & Comprehensive Evaluation: perspective and practice
  • Formulating appropriate questions for assessing readiness levels of learners; for enhancing learning and critical thinking in the classroom and for assessing learner achievement.
  • Concepts of child-centred and progressive education
  • Gender as a social construct; gender roles, gender-bias and educational practice.

b) Concept of Inclusive education and understanding children with special needs-5 Questions

  • Addressing the needs of children with learning difficulties, ‘impairment’ etc.
  • Addressing the Talented, Creative, Specially abled Learners
  • Addressing learners from diverse backgrounds including disadvantaged and deprived

c) Learning and Pedagogy-10 Questions

  • Cognition & Emotions
  • Child as a problem solver and a ‘scientific investigator’
  • How children think and learn; how and why children ‘fail’ to achieve success in school performance.
  • Basic processes of teaching and learning; children’s strategies of learning; learning as a social activity; social context of learning.
  • Motivation and learning
  • Factors contributing to learning – personal & environmental
  • Alternative conceptions of learning in children, understanding children’s ‘errors’ as significant steps in the learning process.
  • Language  1 – 30 Questions

a) Language Comprehension-15 Questions

  • Reading unseen passages – two passages one prose or drama and one poem with questions on comprehension, inference, grammar, and verbal ability (Prose passage may be literary, scientific, narrative, or discursive)

b) Pedagogy of Language Development-15 Questions

  • Evaluating language comprehension and proficiency: speaking, listening, reading and writing
  • Teaching-learning materials: Textbook, multi-media materials, multilingual resources of the classroom
  • Remedial Teaching
  • Challenges of teaching language in a diverse classroom; language difficulties, errors, and disorders
  • Language Skills
  • Learning and acquisition
  • Principles of Language Teaching
  • Role of listening and speaking; function of language and how children use it as a tool
  • A critical perspective on the role of grammar in learning a language for communicating ideas verbally and in written form;
  • Language II-30 Questions

a) Comprehension-15 Questions

  • Two unseen prose passages (discursive or literary or narrative or scientific) with questions on comprehension, grammar, and verbal ability.

b) Pedagogy of Language Development –15 Questions

  • Language Skills
  • Evaluating language comprehension and proficiency: speaking, listening, reading and writing
  • Teaching-learning materials: Textbook, multi-media materials, multilingual resource of the classroom
  • Remedial Teaching
  • Learning and acquisition
  • Principles of Language Teaching
  • Role of listening and speaking; function of language and how children use it as a tool
  • A critical perspective on the role of grammar in learning a language for communicating ideas verbally and in written form;
  • Challenges of teaching language in a diverse classroom; language difficulties, errors, and disorders
  • Mathematics-30 Questions

a) Content-20 Questions

  • Fractions
  • Algebra
  • Introduction to Algebra
  • Ratio and Proportion
  • Playing with Numbers
  • Whole Numbers
  • Negative Numbers and Integers
  • Basic geometrical ideas (2-D)
  • Understanding Elementary Shapes (2-D and 3-D)
  • Symmetry: (reflection)
  • Construction (using Straight edge Scale, protractor, compasses)
  • Mensuration
  • Data handling
  • Geometry
  • Number System
  • Knowing our Numbers

b) Pedagogical issues-10 Questions

  • Evaluation
  • Remedial Teaching
  • Problem of Teaching
  • Nature of Mathematics/Logical thinking
  • Community Mathematics
  • Place of Mathematics in Curriculum
  • Language of Mathematics
  • Science-30 Questions

a) Content-20 Questions

I. Food

  • Sources of food
  • Components of food
  • Cleaning food

II. Materials

  • Materials of daily use

III. The World of the Living

IV. Moving Things People and Ideas

V. How things work

  • Electric current and circuits
  • Magnets

VI. Natural Phenomena
VII. Natural Resources

b) Pedagogical issues-10 Questions

  • Observation/Experiment/Discovery (Method of Science)
  • Innovation
  • Text Material/Aids
  • Evaluation – cognitive/psychomotor/affective
  • Understanding & Appreciating Science
  • Approaches/Integrated Approach
  • Problems
  • Remedial Teaching
  • Nature & Structure of Sciences
  • Natural Science/Aims & objectives
  • Social Studies/Social Sciences-60 Questions

a) Content-40 questions.

I.History

  • Women and Reform
  • Challenging the Caste System
  • The Nationalist Movement
  • India After Independence
  • When, Where, and How
  • The Earliest Societies
  • The First Farmers and Herders
  • The First Cities
  • Early States
  • New Ideas
  • The First Empire
  • Sultans of Delhi
  • Architecture
  • Creation of an Empire
  • Social Change
  • Regional Cultures
  • The Establishment of Company Power
  • Rural Life and Society
  • Colonialism and Tribal Societies
  • The Revolt of 1857-58
  • Contacts with Distant Lands
  • Political Developments
  • Culture and Science
  • New Kings and Kingdoms

II. Geography

  • Air
  • Water
  • Human Environment: settlement, transport, and communication
  • Geography as a social study and as a science
  • Resources: Types-Natural and Human
  • Agriculture
  • Planet: Earth in the solar system
  • Globe
  • Environment in its totality: natural and human environment

III. Social and Political Life

  • Parliamentary Government
  • The Judiciary
  • Social Justice and the Marginalised
  • Diversity
  • Government
  • State Government
  • Understanding Media
  • Unpacking Gender
  • The Constitution
  • Local Government
  • Making a Living
  • Democracy

b) Pedagogical issues-20 Questions

  • Sources – Primary & Secondary
  • Projects Work
  • Evaluation
  • Concept & Nature of Social Science/Social Studies
  • Enquiry/Empirical Evidence
  • Problems of teaching Social Science/Social Studies
  • Class Room Processes, activities, and discourse
  • Developing Critical thinking

CTET Previous Years Exam Analysis

In order to get a clear image and prepare properly for the CTET 2024 exam, it is necessary to comprehend the quantity of successful attempts and the varying degrees of difficulty for each subject. Review the CTET exam analysis in detail in order to perform well on the upcoming exam.

Subjects Good Attempts Difficult Levels
Child Development & Pedagogy 20-22 Moderate
Hindi Language 24-26 Easy-Moderate
Sanskrit Language 24-26 Easy-Moderate
English Language 24-26 Easy-Moderate
Mathematics 21-23 Moderate
Environmental Studies 24-26 Moderate
Overall 112-123 Moderate

Call Letters for Examination – CTET Admit Card

The candidates may download the e-Admit Card from CTET official website and appear for the
examination at the given Centre. In case of any discrepancy noticed in e-admit card regarding particulars of the candidate, photograph, and signature or any other information which is different from the confirmation page, he/she may immediately contact CTET Unit for necessary corrections. The candidates are advised to read the instructions on the admit card carefully and follow them during the conduct of the examination

Answer Key

The CTET will display the Provisional Answer Key of the questions on the CTET website: https://ctet.nic.in with a Public Notice issued to this effect on the said website, to provide an opportunity to the candidates to challenge the Provisional Answer Keys with a non-refundable prescribed fee as processing charges. The provisional Answer Keys are likely to be displayed for two to three days.

Only paid challenges made during the stipulated time will be considered. Challenges without payment of fee and those filed on any other medium (viz. email/letter/ representation) will not be considered. The CTET‟s decision on the challenges shall be final and no further communication will be entertained. CTET will not inform the Candidates individually about their challenges.

Pay Scale / Salary

A CTET credential allows you to apply for positions as a primary teacher, trained graduate teacher, or post-graduate teacher (PRT). The post that is applied for determines the CTET Salary Structure.

Components Primary Teacher TGT PGT
Pay Scale 9300- 34800 9300- 34800 9300- 34800
Grade Pay 4200 4600 4800
Basic Pay after 7th CPC 35400 44900 47600
HRA 3240 3400 4350
TA 1600 1600 1600
Gross Salary 40240 49900 53550
Net Salary 35000-37000 43000-46000 48000-50000

Exam Language of Central Board of Secondary Education CTET Exam 2024

Language Code No. Language Code No.
English 01 Marathi 11
Hindi 02 Mizo 12
Assamese 03 Nepali 13
Bengali 04 Oriya 14
Garo 05 Punjabi 15
Gujarati 06 Sanskrit 16
Kannada 07 Tamil 17
Khasi 08 Telugu 18
Malayalam 09 Tibetan 19
Manipuri 10 Urdu 20

CTET Certificate Validity

Since the CTET certificate’s appointment validity has been changed, now the certificate will remain valid throughout life. . According to the Education Minister’s announcement, the updated validity took effect in 2011, and applicants whose credentials have expired can now get fresh certificates that have no expiration date. It has been stated that the States and UTs would be in charge of renewing or issuing TET certifications to applicants whose seven-year time has already passed (after 2011). Previously, the CTET certificate was valid for seven years (from the date of issue).

Exam Centre

The Common Teacher Eligibility Test will be administered in the cities listed below, and candidates must select 4 exam locations from the list below while registering for the test. The selected exam centre will be given priority; but, if it is not available, the CBSE may assign any exam centre. Here is a list of CTET 2024 Exam Sites.

S.No. States & UT Cities
1 Andaman & Nicobar Island Port Blair
2 Andhra Pradesh Anantapur, Bhimavaran, Chirala, Eluru, Guntur,Kadapa, Kakinada, Kurnool, Nandyala, Narsaraopeta, Nellore, Proddatur, Rajamundry, Srikulam, Tirupati, Vijaywada, Visakhapatnam, Viziannagaram
3 Assam Dibrugarh, Guwahati, Jorhat, Silchar, Tezpur
4 Bihar Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Gaya, Muzzafarpur, Patna, Purnea,
5 Chhattisgarh Bhilai Nagar, Bilaspur, Raipur
6 Chandigarh Chandigarh
7 Dadar & Nagar Haveli Dadar & Nagar Haveli
8 Daman & Diu Daman
9 Delhi New Delhi
10 Goa Panaji
11 Gujarat Ahmedabad, Anand, Bardoli, Gandhinagar, Jamnagar, Mehsana, Rajkot, Surat, Vadodara, Valsad, Vapi
12 Haryana Ambala, Faridabad, Gurugram, Karnal, Hisar, Kurukshetra
13 Himachal Pradesh Bilaspur, Hamirpur, Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, Solan, Una
14 Jammu Jammu, Samba, Srinagar
15 Jharkhand Bokaro, Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Jamshedpur, Ranchi
16 Karnataka Belagavi, Bengaluru, Hubballi, Kalaburagi, Mangaluru, Mysuru, Shivamogga, Udupi
17 Kerala Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Idukki, Kannur, Kasaragod, Kollam, Kottayam, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad, Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur
18 Lakshadweep Kavaratti
19 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal, Gwalior, Indore, Jabalpur, Sagar, Satna, Ujjain
20 Maharashtra Ahmednagar, Amravati, Aurangabad, Baramati, Chandrapur, Dhule, Jalgaon, Kashti, Kolhapur, Kopragaon, Latur, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nanded, Nashik, Pandharpur, Pune, Ratnagiri, Sangmner, Sangoli, Satara, Sindurpur, Solapur
21 Manipur Imphal
22 Meghalaya Shillong
23 Mizoram Aizwal
24 Nagaland Dimapur, Kohima
25 Odisha Balasore, Berhampur- Ganjam, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Rourkela, Sambalpur
26 Puducherry  Puducherry
27 Punjab Amritsar, Bhatinda, Fatehgarh Sahib, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Pathankot, Patiala, Sangrur
28 Rajasthan Ajmer, Alwar, Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Sikar, Udaipur
29 Sikkim Gangtok
30 Tamil Nadu Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindigul, Erode, Kanchipuram, Karur, Mahurai, Kanyakumari, Nammakal, Salem, Thanjavar, Thoothukhudi, Tiruchirappali, Tirupur, Vellore, Villupuram, Virudhunagar
31 Tripura Agartala
32 Uttar Pradesh Agra, Aligarh, Bareilly, Basti, Bijnor, Bilaspur, Faizabad, Firozabad, Ghaziabad, Ghazipur, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Meerut, Mathura, Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar, Noida, Pryagraj, Sitapur, Varanasi
33 Uttarakhand Almora, Dehradun, Haldwani, Pauri Garhwal, Roorkee, Rudrapur
34 West Bengal Asansol, Burdwan, Durgapur, Howrah, Kalyani, Kolkatta, Siliguri, Siuri

Important Links

CTET Notification PDF (CTET December) – Previous Year Click Here
CTET Official Website Click Here

Helpline

  • Address: PS 1-2, INSTITUTIONAL AREA, I P EXTENSION, PATPARGANJ, DELHI-110092
  • Email (s) : directorctet@gmail.com , ctetjuly20@gmail.com
  • General enquiry / Tele Helpline : 011-22240112

FAQs

What is CTET exam?

The Central Board of Secondary Education administers the Central Teacher Eligibility Test, or CTET, as a nationwide test in India (CBSE). It's done to see if candidates are qualified to be hired as teachers. Teachers who wish to instruct in grades 1 through 8 must take the CTET.

How many times CTET exam held in a year?

The exam takes place twice times a year.

What is the mode of CTET?

CTET 2022 will be conducted in online mode through Computer Based Test.

How many opportunities for the CTET may a candidate take?

According to the official CTET announcement from the previous year, there is no limit on the number of attempts. A candidate who has passed the CTET may reappear to achieve a higher score.

What is the marking scheme of CTET Exam?

Each correct question will be awarded with 1 mark.

Is there any negative marking in CTET Exam for inappropriate or unanswered questions?

No, there is no negative marking for any incorrect answer.

What is the validity of the CTET certificate?

CTET certificate will remain valid throughout life, since the CTET certificate’s appointment validity has been changed.

Can I change the exam centre after filling CTET form?

No, Once the Application is submitted, you cant change the preferences you have filled for the exam centre.

Does CTET guarantee a job?

CTET is a qualifying exam; it does not grant employment. Any government teaching positions are not guaranteed. After CTET, there are numerous options to find both government and private employment.

What is the CTET age limit?

According to the previous year's official CTET announcement. Candidates should be aware that there is no maximum age for this exam. However, the candidate's age must be at least 18.

How many papers are there in CTET 2022 exam?

There will be two papers in CTET 2022 exam, Paper 1 and Paper 2.

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